BEHAVIORISM

- focuses on the study of observable and measurable behavior. It emphasize that behavior is worthy learned through conditioning and reinforcement (reward and punishment).

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

➡ a Russian psychologist is well known for his work in classical conditioning or stimulus substitution. Most renewed experiment involved meat, a dog and a bell.

Classical Conditioning - a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.

 PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL

 CONDITIONING

a.)Acquisition

 - The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.

b.)Extinction

- When the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear.

  - This happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

c.)Spontaneous Recovery

 - The reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened period.

d.)Stimulus Generalization

 - The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.

e.)Discrimination

- The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS

Before Conditioning

-      The first part of this process requires a naturally occurring stimulus that will automatically elicit a response.

During Conditioning

-      During the second phase, the previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

After Conditioning

-      Once the association has made between unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus, presenting the conditioned stimulus alone will come to evoke a response even in the absence of the UCS. The resulting response is known as CS.

Edward L. Thorndike- (1874-1949)

-      Connectionism theory gave the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology. More than a years ago he wrote a textbook

-      "EducationalPsychology" was first one used thus term. Explain that learning is the result of associations forming between stimulus(S) and responses (R)

MAIN PRINCIPLE

-      That learning could be adequately explain without considering any unobservable internal states.

-      Thorndike's theory on connectionism states that learning has taken place when a strong connection or bond between stimulus and response is formed.

1.) Law of Effect

- states that a connection between a stimulus and response is strengthened when the consequence is positive and the connection between the stimulus and the response is weakened when the consequence is negative.

2.)Law of Exercise

- tell us that the more S-R bond is practice the stronger it will become.

3.) Law of Readiness

- states that the more readiness the learner has to respond to the stimulus, the stronger will be the bond between them.

John Watson (1878-1958)

➡was the first American psychologist to work with Pavlov's ideas. Initially involved in animals studies, and then later became involved in human behavior research.

➡considered that human are born with a few reflexes and the emotional reactions of love and range.

REFLECTION:

Every person has deferent behaviors, so it important to us to know and  it for them to  be understood.